和同学们趣聊定语从句
同学们，定语从句你们能够熟练地运用吗？如果还没学好的话，就让我们一起聊聊吧。我会让大家在愉快之中茅塞顿开，懂个透彻！
一，趣聊先行词
为了强调先行词(名词和代词都可作先行词)和定语从句之间的这的种形影不离的重要关系，首先请看这道选择题：
Do you know (1)the man (2) your brother talked with for a long time in our dining room yesterday?
请指出在下面的几个中国古代用兵之道中，哪一个最好地体现了以上英语句子（1）（2）部分之间的不可分割的重要关系：
A．鸣金收兵B. 兵不厌诈 C.养兵千日，用兵一时 D.兵马未动，粮草先行
同学们，你们说正确答案是哪个？
OK! 你们选对了，答案是D！兵马未动，粮草先行!多么好的答案呀！大家试想一下：在上面的这个英语句中，定语从句（whom ）your brother talked with for a long time in our dining room yesterday的前面如果没有“先行词”the man做铺垫和被修饰的准备，那么定语从句还能修饰谁呢？此时定语从句不就成了空中楼阁和“外出远征却无粮无草的兵马大军了”了吗？
二，趣聊关系代词和关系副词
用七个汉字来概括总结关系代词和关系副词的用法与特点，并可称其为它们的“优秀品质”！这七个字是：既当官又当老百姓！
可能有些同学要问：关系代/副词是什么官？是省长是部长还是局长？还要当老百姓？太悬乎了吧！笔者可以风趣地告诉你们：它们虽不是什么省长局长，但最起码也是个“句长”！下面笔者就用两个选择题来展示展示关系代词和关系副词的这种“句长风范”和“百姓品质”
1. I’ll never forget the day we spent together there.
A. when B. which
2. I’ll never forget the day we saw each other for the first time.
A. when B. which
以上第一道题答案为B。由于关系代词which在以上第一小题的定语从句中引导了一个定语从句，所以我们可以幽默地称它为“句长”（它在句中代表的是先行词the day的含义）。同时我们还发现它还在定语从句中充当“宾语”这样一个普通的“老百姓（做动词spent的宾语）！
第二道选择题的答案选A。关系副词when在定语从句中做“句长”（它引导定语从句，在句中替代先行词（on）the day的时间概念）。同时它也在定语从句中做（时间）状语这个“老百姓”。
这样看来，“既当官又当老百姓”的确是关系代词和关系副词的“优秀品质”！你们说呢？
三，趣聊关系代词that和which的区别
请看下题：
请选择：在关系代词which，that，who, as中哪一个具有“待人不诚”的特点？
有的同学回答是which。他认为问答题中的“待人”其实指的就是“代（替）人”；“不诚”的含义就是“不成”，“待人不诚”即“代人不成”，也就是说关系代词which在定语从句中不能指代人，而关系代词that， who和as在定语从句中都可以指代人！
这位同学回答得特别好．另外，关系代词which和that还有其它方面的区别。比如说，定语从句中先行词被形容词最高级，序数词或very, only等词修饰时，后面定语从句的关系代词只能用that。再比如说，which能代表前面的整个句子去引导一个定语从句，而that在这方面却“望尘莫及”。下面是四道英语选择题，请同学们巩固以上知识要点：
1. I don’t know the person _____ came to see you yesterday afternoon.
A. that B. which
2. This is the very book _____ I want to read.
A. that B. which
3. He came to school late yesterday, _____ made me angry.
A. that B. which
4. I have never heard of such a person _____ you mentioned just now.
A. who B. as
（答案：AABB）
四，趣聊定语从句句型the same…as…与the same…that…
有一次张品同学丢了钱包。幸运的是被他那活泼幽默的英语老师吴老师捡到。当张品到吴老师那认领时，吴老师微笑着却只字不提钱包的事。他只是快速在一小片纸上写下了这样两个英语句子：
This is the same wallet as I lost last week.
This is the same wallet that I lost last week.
写下这两个句子后吴老师说：“张品呀，我是你的英语老师。在我这领东西你是要付出“代价”的哟。这样吧，你先看看这两个带有定语从句的句子。然后你说说那一个句子中描绘的钱包应该是你的。你要分析错了，钱包就归我了。哈哈哈…”
张品同学的英语在班里那可是呱呱叫。他知道吴老师是在“见缝插针”地提高他。当他一见到这两个英语句子时，他的脑海里马上响起了吴老师讲课时那有条不紊的声音：“同学们，句型the same…that…的意思是“同一个人或物”或“就是那个人或物”而句型“the same...as...的句意是"与……同样的",但不是同一个。”于是，张品断定第二句中所描绘的钱包就是他的。
吴老师高兴极了。马上把钱包还给了张品。
下面还有两组句子，请同学们仔细品读．
This is the same pen as my brother has.
这支钢笔和我兄弟的钢笔是一样的。(但不是同一支)
This is the same pen that my brother has.
这支看起来一样的钢笔（就）是我兄弟的那支。(是同一支)
五，趣聊限定性和非限定性定语从句之间的区别
请看这道问答题：
Li Ming’s mother who works in Wuhan will come to see him.
Li Ming’s mother, who works in Wuhan, will come to see him.
请问以上哪个句子表明李名有几个妈妈？哪个句子表明了李名只有一个妈？
这个问题很滑稽，但是还是有答案的：第一个英语句子表达了李名有几个妈妈的意思（可能是一个亲妈和几个干妈哦）；而第二个英语句子表达了李名只有一个妈妈。
大家知道，定语从句分为限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句和前面的先行词的关系非常密切，离开了它定语从句的句意就可能不完整；所以英译汉时我们一般要把定语从句的内容放在先行词的前面。第一句应该翻译为：李名那个在武汉工作的妈妈要来看他（句意表明李名有几个妈，只是武汉的那个要来看他）。
为什么说以上第二个英语句子表达了李名只有一个妈妈的意思呢？这是因为非限定性定语从句则与前面的先行词的关系较松散，英译汉时多把主句和从句翻译成并列句。故此句的译文应为：李名的妈妈要来看他，她在武汉工作（李名就一个妈妈；没人会误解这一点）。
巩固练习：定语从句要点选择题：1. I never forget the day ______ we spent together in that deep mountain.
A. which B when C. at which D. as
2. The train ______ they are traveling is arriving. Let’s hurry up.
B. by which B. on which C. in that D. where
3. Let A B C be a triangle(三角) ______ sides are of unequal length.
C. that B. which C. whose D. of which
4. This is the room ______ we lived in last year.
A. for which B. 不填 C. at which D. into that
5. His brother failed in the last English examination, ______ shows he had not learned English hard enough.
A. that B. which C. where D. it
6. We traveled together as far as Shanghai, ______ we parted.
D. when B. why C. which D. where
7. We’ll put off our sports meeting until next week, ______ we won’t be so busy.
E. which B. at which C. in that D. when
8. Here are two pairs of glasses, _____ you may choose.
F. any of which B. both of them C. either of them D. either of which
9. Is this factory ______ you visited three years ago?
A. that B. which C. the one D. where
10. I love such people ______ love me. That’s a natural thing, you know.
A. they B. who C. that D. as
11. Do you know bees like the same ______ we do.
A what B. which C. as D. that
12. This is the girl______.
A. for whom we are looking B. for that we are looking
C. whom we are looking for D. we are looking for her
13. ______, our country has the largest population in the world.
A. It is well known that B. As is well known C. It is well known D. As is known that
14.. Ahead of me I saw a boy ______ I believed was one of my classmates.
A. who B. of whom C. whose D. whom
参考答案：
1.A。 2. B。人们常说by train/by car/by bus而不说by the train/by the car/by the bus，故排除答案A. 3. C。4. B。省略了关系代词which或that 5. B。 6. D。7. D.。 8. D。 9. C。10. D。11. C。 12. C。注意：当关系代词做一些固定的成语或习语的宾语时（如look for, look after等），这些成语或习语中的介词不要提至定语从句句首而造成词义理解方面的误会）。 13. B。很明显，如果句中没有逗号，答案应该为A。14. A (注意定语从句中的插入语I believed)
本文发表于（高中生学习２０１０高二理科第一期）
