第三章 分类指导
湖北凤凰娱乐官网_www.ph158.net 朱冰松
第二节记叙文写作技巧
写作说明：
记叙文是对某一事件或一系列事件的发生、发展、结束，以及某一人物的变化情况所做的文字表达。它通常包括写人、写景、写事。其主要形式有：故事、活动, 人物介绍、新闻报导、缩写、改写等。这类题材的试题在试卷中多以看图作文，给材料作文，以及给材料缩写等不同形式进行测试，为高考书面表达的主要考查方式。
技巧点拨：
一.记叙文的基本要求：
(1). 题目
如果提示中要求命题，应就中心内容简单命题，将题目写在第一行的中间，题目的第
一个词和每一个实词的第一个字母要大写。虚词，如冠词、介词、连词等除在题首
外都是小写。
(2). 内容完整。
要注意使文章的内容包括时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果等六大要素。
(3). 明确写作目的和叙述的中心思想。
段落叙述始终围绕着主题而展开，避免空间的叙述和与主题无关的内容。取材适当, 于一个事件有关的细节很多, 我们不可能把所有的细节都包括在一篇短文之中, 叙述时要特别注意分清主次, 抓住事件主要内容, 并根据文章的中心思想作出适当的取舍, 做到详略得当。
(4). 记叙时，要有开头语，多为主题句，以点明内容。
(5). 条理清楚。
在写作的过程中要注意把握事件的重要过程, 并安排好次要的线索, 使叙述井井有条。这就需要在动笔前，进行简单的组织构思。千万不能按所给提示逐句翻译，避免文篇杂乱无章，上下毫不相关。
(1). 第一人称叙述（First—person narrator）：写作者以当事人的口气，即第一人称来叙述，把文章中的事情以“我”的所见所闻来告诉读者，用主观的表现手法，给读者一种亲切自然的感觉，如同亲身经历一样，加强了事件的可信性，直接抒发作者的思想情感，从而引起读者的共鸣。
(2). 第三人称叙述（Third—person narrator）：写作者从旁观者的角度来叙述事件，以客观的写作方法，能够充分反映事件中各人的感受及见解，以全知的视角来叙述。
三. 叙述时态：一般多采用一般过去时。
四. 叙述的方法：
一般叙述的线索可分为以下几种：
（1）以时间为线索，按时间的顺序来展开。
（2）以地点为线索，以地点的转移为顺序来展开。
（3）以事件发展的过程为线索，或以人物出现的先后次序来展开。
（4）以人物的思想行为及认知的过程为线索来展开。
五. 记叙文词语及句式
（1）写作时要避免句子单调、毫无花样。这就要求写作时长短句结合，注意衔接词的运用。
（2）词语的运用应注意是否恰当、通顺、简洁和准确。时态的运用应注意上下文的相关性、连续性，要与表达的内容一致。
（3）多用不定式短语作目的状语（处在句首或句尾）、结果状语（处在句尾）。
（1）写作时要避免句子单调、毫无花样。这就要求写作时长短句结合，注意衔接词的运用。
（2）词语的运用应注意是否恰当、通顺、简洁和准确。时态的运用应注意上下文的相关性、连续性，要与表达的内容一致。
（3）多用不定式短语作目的状语（处在句首或句尾）、结果状语（处在句尾）。
（4）多用分词短语作时间、条件、原因状语。
（5）多用熟练的复句结构：because原因状语; where; when引导的时间、地点状语；which (who) 引导的定语从句；so that…, so…that…引导的目的、结果状语从句；以及I’m
sure that…, I think that…宾语从句。
(6) 注意语言知识的运用要根据篇幅要求字数和所需表达的内容进行调整。字数少、内
容多就得使用非谓语结构、复合句来长话短说；反之，则用简单句式。
实例分析：
(07年湖北高考英语书面表达)
假设你是某中学学生会主席李华，你校与本地一所国际学校经常举办联谊活动.你计划在重阳节组织学生到养老院去慰问老人，拟邀请国际学校的学生参加，请你根据以下内容要点给国际学样的学生会主席Tony写一封信.
要点：向老人赠送礼物（鲜花、自制贺卡……）；
为老人提供服务（做清洁、陪老人聊天……）；
为老人表演节目（唱歌、跳舞……）.
注意：1、词数为100左右；
2、信的开关和结尾已为你写好（不计入你所写词数）；
3、已给出的信的开关和结尾不得抄入答题卡.
（以下所给内容不得抄入答题卡）
Dear Tony，
Chongyang,the traditional Chinese festival for the elderly,is coming around.We are planning to visit the Nursing Home to celebrate the speeial day, and we would like to invite students from your school to join us.
…
要点：向老人赠送礼物（鲜花、自制贺卡……）；
为老人提供服务（做清洁、陪老人聊天……）；
为老人表演节目（唱歌、跳舞……）.
注意：1、词数为100左右；
2、信的开关和结尾已为你写好（不计入你所写词数）；
3、已给出的信的开关和结尾不得抄入答题卡.
（以下所给内容不得抄入答题卡）
Dear Tony，
Chongyang,the traditional Chinese festival for the elderly,is coming around.We are planning to visit the Nursing Home to celebrate the speeial day, and we would like to invite students from your school to join us.
…
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
Li Hua
(技巧点拨)：07年湖北高考书面表达虽然是以书信形式来呈现，但书信格式均已给出，所以书信格式不是考查点，这其实就是一篇记人记事的记叙文。记叙文首先要交代六要素，通过书信提示我们知道了：时间是重阳节，地点是养老院，人物是两个学校的部分学生，事件是去慰问老人，参加一些活动。原因是重阳节要来了，结果是大家会很开心的。六要素知道了，用什么顺序来记叙呢？我们按时间顺序或事件发展顺序来写。本文时态就不能用过去式了，因为是活动计划，所以我们应该用一般将来才行。人称肯定是第一人称。
（参考范文）
We have planned several activities. When we get there，we will visit the elderly in their rooms in groups，presenting them with flowers and self－made cards to show our respect and love. Then we will do some cleaning and washing for them with the help of the nurses.
As some old people feel lonely, we may chat with them about their old days, changes of our city, or anything they are interested in. We may also give them some performances: singing, dancing, and so on.
I am sure we will both gain a better understanding of the elderly in China. If you have any suggestions, please let us know.
As some old people feel lonely, we may chat with them about their old days, changes of our city, or anything they are interested in. We may also give them some performances: singing, dancing, and so on.
I am sure we will both gain a better understanding of the elderly in China. If you have any suggestions, please let us know.
附录 学生习作与点评
07年高考湖北卷书面表达一考生作文（07年笔者参加了阅卷，本文得分23分）
In order to make the old feel happy and warm in heart, I suggest that we buy some fresh flowers and take some cards made by ourselves for them. At the same time, simple services are required to be done. Since the old feel lonely easily, we can chat with them constantly. Considering they may have trouble with daily things, we are expected to do some cleaning for them.
Apart from the things we can do above, we can also act some programmes. For example, we can sing some exciting songs or play some light music for them, which can make the old feel young. What’s more, we can perform some beautiful dances. It can make a difference in bringing back the pleasant memory of the old.
Of course, more good ideas are welcome to be taken account of. For one point, the happier are the old, the happier we will be.
（笔者点评：文章开篇就交待了活动的目的，直接点题，文章连贯性很强，如 In order to , At the same time, Since, Considering, Apart from, for example, what’s more, of course 等过渡词的运用恰到好处，文章显得一气呵成。另外考生语言基本功很过硬，运用了一些高级句式。如made by ourselves，Considering分词结构的运用，还有定语从句的运用，还有比较级the happier are the old, the happier we will be. 的运用，体现了该考生扎实的基本功。此文是一篇难得的佳作。）
巩固提高:
请根据以下提示，用英语写一篇90---120词左右的短文，介绍你今年国庆假期生活。
(1) 国庆与外祖父母在农村呆了5天，山和田野绿树成荫。
(2) 有时去村西的小河钓鱼，河水清澈, 有时也帮忙做点农活。
(3) 帮助邻居家的孩子们补习英语，孩子们对英语很感兴趣，每天早上帮他们提高听力和口语。
(4) 孩子们的父母对我高度赞扬。
(5) 农村发生了很大的变化。
(Possible version)
This year’s National Day was most enjoyable. I spent 5 days living with my grandparents in the countryside, where I saw mountains and fields covered with green plants. Sometimes I went fishing in the river to the west of the village, the water in which was quite clear.
Besides helping my grandparents do a little farm work, I helped the children in the neighborhood with their lessons. All of them showed much interest in English. So every day in the morning I helped them improve their listening and spoken English.
The parents of these children spoke highly of me and I felt very excited. At the same time, I realize now great changes have taken place in the countryside.
巩固练习：
1. 请你根据以下提示以一篇记叙文：
为了帮助那些家庭困难的学生，你校今年9月份在开展了“爱心超市”活动。你积极地响应学校的号召，报名参加了“爱心超市”志愿者，在班上为同学宣讲“爱心超市”的意义和重要性，并组织你班同学捐款捐物，同学们很支持。你觉得做了一件很有意义的事。
参考词汇：1.“爱心超市”----“love supermarket” 2. 蔓延----spread
3. 志愿者---volunteer 4. 捐赠----donate
（注意：词数80----100 ）
(one possible version)
In September this year, our school organized an activity called “love supermarket” in order to help those students in need of help.
I took active part in this activity and became a volunteer. Later, I explained to my class the importance and significance of this activity and appealed to our class to donate money or things. Having known the significance of this activity, my classmates were very active.
Although I were very busy that time, yet I felt very proud and happy.
2. 请你根据以下提示以一篇记叙文：
今年9月的一个晚上的10点，我的室友李明在寝室生病了，浑身发抖伴有咳嗽，他感觉头疼，不断呻吟，他额头很烫，我们测他的体温高达38.5℃.。随后，我们拨打了120，不久120救护车来了，我们扶着他上了车，老师也随车去往医院，并坚持给了一些钱。小明是H1N1感染病人吗？我们不知道，但是同学,老师之间那种互帮互助的精神，我们永远珍惜。
参考词汇：1. 呻吟—groan 2. 救护车----an ambulance
3. H1N1感染病人---suspected H1N1 patient 4. 珍惜---cherish
（注意：词数100---120 ）
(one possible version)
About ten O'clock one evening in September this year, my roommate Li Ming was lying in bed, trembling with cold and having a cough. His head was aching so intensely that he kept groaning. His forehead felt very hot. We took his temperature. It was 38.5℃.
Without hesitation, I dialed "120". It wasn't long before an ambulance arrived. We and our teacher supported him to the ambulance. Our teacher insisted on giving him some money.
Is he a suspected H1N1 patient? We don’t know. When H1N1 was spreading, We showed fearless spirit regardless of dangers to our own health.
This kind of care between our classmates and teachers is the very unselfish and devotion or sacrifice and it will be cherished by us.
第三节英语日记的写作技巧
湖北凤凰娱乐官网_www.ph158.net 朱冰松 彭荣
写作说明：
日记是用以记叙一天生活中所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情。在高考中时有考查，尤其是结合看图来考查。所以考生对英语日记的格式应该要熟悉。
技巧点拨：
一．英文日记的格式：
英文日记通常由两部分构成，即书端和正文，其格式与中文相同。下面就是英文日记各部分的书写格式示意图：
Date（日期、星期） Weather（天气）
Title（标题）（标题可省去）
The body （日记正文）
二．用英语写日记应注意的问题：
1. 注意日期、星期和天气的书写位置。
日期和星期要写在正文的左上角，其顺序多是“星期 + 月、日、年”，也有把星期放在后面的。如“ 2003 年 11 月 22 日，星期一”可写为“ Monday November 22，2003 或 November 22，2003 Monday ”。
英语日期的写法有两种：
（1）先写某日，次写月份，最后写年份。某日用序数词的缩写形式；除May , June和July三个月份外，其余各月份均可缩写；年份均用阿拉伯数字书写，但不能把“1991”缩写成“91”等。例如：22nd August 2006
（2）先写月份，次写某日，最后写年份。用这种写法比较普遍。某日用基数词，也可用序数词的缩写形式，但后边须加逗号。例如： August 22，2006 /August 22nd，2006
英语日记中的第一行的星期与月份通常都是缩写的：
Sunday----Sun Monday----Mon. Tuesday----Tues. Wednesday----Wed. Thursday----Thur. 或 Thurs. Friday----Fri. Saturday----Sat.
Sunday----Sun Monday----Mon. Tuesday----Tues. Wednesday----Wed. Thursday----Thur. 或 Thurs. Friday----Fri. Saturday----Sat.
January----Jan. February----Feb. March----Mar. April----Apr. May----May. June----Jun. July----Jul. August----Aug. September----Sept. October----Oct. November----Nov. December----Dec.
天气情况应写在正文的右上角，如：Fine，Rainy，Cloudy，Windy 等。常见的天气用语有： fine 晴天的 rainy 下雨的 cloudy 阴天的，多云的hot 炎热的 shiny 晴朗的 cold寒冷的 snowy 下雪的 foggy 雾的 showery 阵雨的 sunny 阳光充足的，阳光明媚的 warm 暖和的windy 刮风的 stormy 暴风的 breezy 微风的 cloudy，then rainy 多云转雨的 rainy，fine later雨转晴的。
2. 凤凰娱乐标题的书写:
在日期和天气的下一行中间可以写上日记小标题，也可以不写标题。
3. 凤凰娱乐正文的书写:
正文是凤凰娱乐一天生活的记载，也是日记的主题。记日记的手法灵活，形式多样，它常用叙述的方法，可议论、也可抒情和描写。在书写正文时要做到：
(1).日记的时态选择:
由于日记记载的事情通常已经发生，因此谓语动词一般用过去时态。然而，根据实际情况，也可用其他时态。例如：
I went to school at seven this morning．When I got to the classroom，the class had begun ．
When I got home，my mother was cooking．
注意：表示习惯性的动作，客观事实、普遍真理、名言或谚语时，常用一般现在时。
All roads lead to Rome．（条条道路通罗马。） The sun rises in the east and sets in the west．
I went to school at seven this morning．When I got to the classroom，the class had begun ．
When I got home，my mother was cooking．
注意：表示习惯性的动作，客观事实、普遍真理、名言或谚语时，常用一般现在时。
All roads lead to Rome．（条条道路通罗马。） The sun rises in the east and sets in the west．
(2).日记人称选择：
日记是对生活的记录，是一个人把自己一天中最有意义的事情记录下来所形成的书面材料，故写日记一般用第一人称(I/We) 。有时，文中将“I/We”省去，意思也同样明白。
(3).记日记力求简单明了，有连贯性。若有文字提示，则应重视提示，把握要点。
实例分析：
实例分析：
（08天津高考）假设2008年2月12日是你父亲的生日，下面三幅图描绘的是你给父亲买完礼物后乘坐地铁回家时经历的一件事。请根据图示，用英语写一篇日记记叙这件事，并谈谈自己的感受。
注意：
1. 词数不少于100； 2. 可适当加入细节，以使行文连贯。
注意：
1. 词数不少于100； 2. 可适当加入细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：
地铁（列车）----- subway train
February 12th, 2008
地铁（列车）----- subway train
February 12th, 2008
内容要点：
1. 给爸爸买生日礼物； 2. 乘地铁回家； 3. 想到爸爸看到礼物会高兴；4. 老人上车；
5. 让座，老人感谢； 6. 自己的感受。
1. 给爸爸买生日礼物； 2. 乘地铁回家； 3. 想到爸爸看到礼物会高兴；4. 老人上车；
5. 让座，老人感谢； 6. 自己的感受。
(One possible version )
February 12th, 2008
Today is father’s birthday. I went to buy a gift to make his day. The subway train taking me home was crowded, but I was lucky to get a seat. I sat there quietly imagining father’s smiling, satisfied and happy face at receiving the gift. The train stopped at the next stop and an old lady with two large suitcases got on. Seeing her so tired, I offered my seat to her although I felt exhausted myself. The old lady thanked me and I smiled back at her.
Maybe that was another gift for father. I also realized how much sweeter the journey would be if you made it smoother for others!
巩固提高：
请你按要求写一篇日记：
要点:
(1)2009年5月2日(星期六)和家人乘车去爬山。
(2)原定早上8点钟出发,可是汽车9点钟才到。
(3)车在路上出了毛病。
(4)到达山脚时天下大雨,将近5点钟才停。
(5)又冷又饿。
注意: 1.日记的格式。2.词数100字左右。
(Possible version:)
May 2nd, 2009 Saturday rainy
My family and I decided to climb a mountain today. We had planned to set off at eight in the morning by bus. For some reasons the bus didn’t come until nine o’clock. Unluckily for us, something went wrong with the bus on the way to the mountain. And when we arrived at the foot of the mountain, it began to rain heavily. It was nearly five o’clock in the afternoon when it stopped raining. So we had to come back. We were very cold and hungry after this long journey.
How disappointed I am today!
巩固练习:
1．假设你参加了你校组织的 “爱护地球,保护环境”的活动。请你根据以下信息,写一篇英文日记,叙述那天的活动情况。
| 活 动 安 排 | 内 容 | 1.时间:12月1日,星期六, 天气晴。 |
| 2.地点:校门口集合, 8:30启程,半小时路程去西山公园。 | ||
| 3.活动:清扫湖边和树林里的垃圾,树立告示牌,向游人讲解保护环境的重要性。 | ||
| 感受…… | ||
(Possible version:)
December 1st Saturday fine
Really, our school organized an activity called “Take care of our earth, protect our environment ”, so today our class went to the Xishan Park to clean the place. At 8:30 am, we gathered at the school gate and started our trip, which took us half an hour.
As soon as we got there, we began to work. First we collected the rubbish near the lake bank and in the woods. Then we put up notices to tell people not to destroy the beauty of nature.
At the same time, we kept on telling the visitors the importance of protecting the environment. Having cleaned the whole park, we felt very happy.
附录 学生习作与点评 练习1
（点评：彭梦洁同学的作文比较流畅，语言较优美，运用了一些高级词组和句式，如 in high spirits, be shocked by, has a new look, be tired from, If we see a person throwing the garbage…, 书写较美观，对于高一学生应该是一篇不错的文章。但是文章有一个很大的缺点，就是时态没有把握好，本文最好用一般过去时。文中也出现了一些错误。如 We imagine that the environment about the park. 此句不妨改为 We imagine what the environment in the park is like. 还有一句，We will let him not to do this 应改为 We will let him not do this.
张玲同学的作文时态把握很准，意思表达清楚，要点齐全，全文没有出现很大的语病；文章较流畅；但是书写欠美观，没有太多高级词组和句式，文中也有一些小错误，如Everywhere became very clean. 最后一句应为 Today was a meaningful day. )
2. 根据下面的提示用英语写一篇日记（80词左右）。
2009年10月4日，星期日，晴，上午你到鞋店买双新鞋，看到一位外国女士正和女营业员谈论些什么，但营业员听不懂。你走上前去帮助她们，这位外国女士是澳大利亚人，她告诉你她想买双旅游鞋，你把这情况告诉了营业员，她买过后很高兴，这位女士和营业员都很感谢你的帮助。
女营业员：salesgirl
旅游鞋：traveling shoes
(one possible version)
September 4th,2009 Sunday Fine
This morning I went to the shoe shop to buy a pair of new shoes. When I got there，I noticed a foreign lady talking to a salesgirl. But the salesgirl didn’t understand what the foreigner was saying. They both looked worried. Seeing this, I went up to help them.
The lady is an Australian. She wanted to buy a pair of traveling shoes. So I told it to the salesgirl. The lady was very glad when she took them. She sang high praise for my spoken English. Both of them expressed their thanks to me. I felt happy that I express myself freely in English.
本文发表于《语数外学习》
